Importance of spring design in the product creation

Release Time：18 Feb,2019

<p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:bold;vertical-align:baseline;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">The ultimate goal in designing a spring is to achieve the desired spring performance in order to support application specific requirements.</span><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">&nbsp;</span><em style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:italic;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Ken Massett reports.</span></em></strong> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <strong><em><br /> </em></strong> </p> <p align="center" style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <strong><em><img alt="" src="http://www.bearing.com.cn/membcentre/editor/attached/image/20190218/20190218114642_96267.jpg" /></em></strong> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <strong><em><br /> </em></strong> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">There are many factors that go into achieving spring performance. The first thing that the engineer should consider is preventing spring failure. Spring design should be considered early in the product design process to ensure that room is allocated for the appropriately sized spring cavity. Designing early also has a number of other advantages; it will often prevent prototype delays, which can slow up projects, allows time for testing a number of different springs so the most economical spring for the application is selected.</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">There are a number of things that can cause problems when designing a spring. The whole assembly should be carefully thought out and each assembly component should be considered. In certain situations one neglected key factor would send the engineer back to square one in the design process. Before designing a spring into the application, the engineer should have realistic goals and have an understanding of the design parameters that will impact the springs life.</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">A spring has three main functions: to absorb energy and mitigate shock; apply a definite force or torque; and to support moving masses or isolate vibration (Wahl 1963).</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">There are many different types of springs: compression springs, extension springs, torsion springs, leaf springs and washers.</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:bold;vertical-align:baseline;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Stress factors</span><br data-filtered="filtered" /> </strong><br data-filtered="filtered" /> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Environmental or stress factors should be considered when designing a spring for certain applications. Selecting the correct material is a key factor in eliminating spring stress. Selecting the proper material for a specific application requires general knowledge of what materials there are and the limitations of each one. There are many other factors that need to be considered in determining the spring stress, listed below are some of them (Wahl 1963):</span> </p> <ul style="margin:0px 0px 18px 50px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:inherit;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:15px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Type of loading: static or fatigue; number of cycles</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Corrosion effects</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Creep or load loss at load-elevated temperature</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Change in torsional modulus with temperatures</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Vibration and impact effects</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Effects due to load eccentricity, tolerances, etc.</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Knowledge of applied loads</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">&nbsp;Stress calculation method</span> </li> </ul> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Material selection is a crucial decision in designing a spring that will work the right way in the application. There are some variables that need to go into choosing the perfect material. Listed below are some of the considerations:</span> </p> <ul style="margin:0px 0px 18px 50px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:inherit;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:15px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Chemical and physical characteristics</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Elastic modulus</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Magnetic characteristics</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Heat treatment</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Environmental considerations</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Stress Relaxation</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Corrosion</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Spring Wire&nbsp;</span> </li> <li style="font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Cost &amp; Availability</span> </li> </ul> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:bold;vertical-align:baseline;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Fatigue life</span></strong> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">A springs fatigue life is one of the last things to consider when designing a spring. Material flaws pits or steams are just some of the considerations that can be associated with fatigue life. Selecting spring tempered wire or shot peening can increase the fatigue life of a spring Another variable that is commonly associated with increasing fatigue life is compressing a spring beyond its yield point, or preseting the spring.</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Wave springs offer the advantage of space savings when used to replace coil springs. By reducing spring height, wave springs can reduce the spring cavity by up to 50percent. With a smaller assembly size and less material used in the manufacturing process, a cost saving is realised.</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Wave springs operate as load bearing devices. They take up play and compensate for dimensional variations within assemblies.</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">A virtually unlimited range of forces can be produced whereby loads build either gradually or abruptly to reach a predetermined working height. This establishes a precise spring rate in which load is proportional to deflection.</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Loads and spring rates are more accurate, more predictable and may be toleranced better than 50percent tighter than stampings. The force associated with Smalley wave springs will increase at a uniform rate throughout most of the available deflection.</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">When a spring is produced from full-hard, pre-tempered raw material, there is no risk of distorting the spring during a hardening heat treatment. By contrast, subsequent manufacturing procedures for stamped wavy washers can lead to problems such as fatigue, cracking and inaccurate or inconsistent loading between springs. All told, the metallurgy, the mechanical properties and the uniform dimensional stability of Smalley wave springs provide a component for precise applications.</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">There are a number of different elements that go into designing a spring and achieving the desired spring performance. Smalley has engineers available to assist with this process.</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px currentColor;border-image:none;color:#111111;text-transform:none;line-height:20.8px;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;word-spacing:0px;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:normal;orphans:2;widows:2;font-stretch:inherit;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;"> <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Engineers have been trained to design and solve thousands of tough applications facing OEMs in nearly every industry. Whether it is high-temperature or a cryogenic environment Smalley has resolved complex design issues.&nbsp;</span> </p>